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THE CONTROVERSY OF RICE IMPORT POLICY IN THE ERA OF SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO’S GOVERNMENT
Indonesia is a country that most of its people rely their living on agriculture. It is true that national food needs can be met from domestic production and imports. However, because of Indonesia's population continues to grow and spread across many island, the food import dependence will lead to food insecurity, so it can impact on various aspects of life including social, economic, and even political. Although Indonesia is known as an agricultural country and most of its population are farmers, in reality Bulog still not able to meet the rice stocks in the country, as well as the threat of drought, or from rice scarcity in the market. Importing rice is also not free of controversy from various parties such as farmers, laborers, and students who rejected the importation of rice and oppose government policy to import rice from Vietnam and Thailand. This study uses qualitative research with descriptive and historical approach. Data was collected with a literature study and a few interviews as supporting data. Data processed through data selection, data classification, and data preparation. Data were analyzed using an interactive model that consists of data reduction, data serving, and conclusion. The validity of the data is checked by the test of credibility, diversity, and certainty. The results showed that Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’ government chose rice import policy as an effort to ensure food security based on four grounds, namely the practice of rent-seeking in the importation of rice, cartel practices in the food sector, the liberalization of international trade, and the low volume of domestic food production. Then, the rice import policy also has the actors concerned, those are: ( 1 ) domestic employers, (2) the government, ( 3 ) foreign investors, and ( 4 ) domestic farmers. This study recomended: to overcome the problem about rente hunting government should make a regulation to confine the number of importers of staple food product (rice) that are concentrated only in some of entrepreneurs by using open tender mechanism, , the state as the guardian of the public interest must be present to make corrections in cartel practices, namely (increase production, productivity, and efficiency of farming) as well as the marketing system of food commodities in the upstream, to continue the program initiated by the government through the One day no Rice (one day without rice), and to increase the volume of food product in country by Indonesia merupakan negara yang sebagian besar masyarakatnya bertopang pada sektor pertanian sebagai mata pencaharian. Kebutuhan pangan nasional memang dapat dipenuhi dari produksi dalam negeri dan impor. Namun, karena jumlah penduduk Indonesia terus bertambah dan tersebar di banyak pulau, maka ketergantungan akan pangan impor menyebabkan rentannya ketahanan pangan, sehingga berdampak terhadap berbagai aspek kehidupan termasuk sosial, ekonomi, dan bahkan politik. Meskipun Indonesia dikenal sebagai negara agraris dan sebagian besar penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani, tetapi pada kenyataannya bahwa BULOG tidak dapat memenuhi stok beras dalam negeri, serta ancaman musim kemarau, ataupun dari kelangkanan beras di pasaran. Impor beras juga tidak terlepas dari kontroversi dari berbagai pihak seperti petani, buruh, dan mahasiswa yang menolak adanya impor beras serta menentang kebijakan pemerintah mengimpor beras dari Vietnam dan Thailand. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif dan historis. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dan sedikit wawancara sebagai data pendukung. Data diolah melalui seleksi data, klasifikasi data, dan penyusunan data. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan model interaktif yang terdiri dari reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Keabsahan data diperiksa melalui uji kredibilitas, keteralihan, dan kepastian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono memilih kebijakan impor beras sebagai upaya menjaga ketahanan pangan didasari oleh 4 alasan, yaitu praktik perburuan rente dalam impor beras, praktik kartel di sektor pangan, liberalisasi perdagangan internasional, dan rendahnya volume produksi pangan dalam negeri. Kemudian, dalam kebijakan impor beras juga memiliki aktor-aktor yang berkepentingan yaitu: (1) pengusaha dalam negeri; (2) pemerintah; (3) investor asing; dan (4) petani dalam negeri. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini antara lain: untuk mengatasi masalah praktik perburuan rente seharusnya pemerintah membuat regulasi untuk membatasi jumlah importir produk pangan utama (beras) yang hanya terkosentrasi pada beberapa pengusaha dengan cara menggunakan mekan
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JA Political science (General)