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JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF DRONE (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE/UAV) AS A MILITARY EQUIPMENT BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE TERRITORY OF THE OTHER STATE ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGGUNAAN PESAWAT TANPA AWAK (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE/UAV) SEBAGAI ALAT MILITER OLEH AMERIKA SERIKAT DI WILAYAH NEGARA LAIN MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL
Drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle / UAV) offered significant benefits in the civilian and military activities. However, the advantages in terms of production, survivability and flexibility led drone more used in military activities compared to the civil activities. The use of drone in practice of military activities was mostly conducted in the region of other countries that now it raised new legal issues, such as the use of drones by the United States in the territory of Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia, Iran and Pakistan by reason of war-on-terror and self-deffence that had caused many civilian casualties and extensive damage to the object that protected by International Law. The problems about how the legality of drone usage in international law and how the regulation of international law for drone attacks by the United States in the territory another state became the problem of this study. The method used was the normative method with data collection procedures was through the main source of legal material. Data acquired and processed in this study were secondary data obtained from literature sources. Literature study was conducted by studying the literature, articles and other reading material related to the thesis research. As a drone aircraft, especially military aircraft of the state, it should be subjected to the Article 3 of the Chicago Convention of 1944, that its use in the outside of the state territory required a special authorization. Drone should also be subjected to the conventions regarding the means and methods of war, where every means and methods of war should be in accordance with the principles of international humanitarian law. Aggresions conducted by the United States against Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia, Iraq and Pakistan were clearly a violation of international law. According to the Montevideo Convention 1933 on the rights and obligations of a sovereign nation, that actions were the violation of the sovereignty of another state jurisdiction, on the other hand the United States aggresion by the reason of self-defense did not meet the criteria and requirements contained in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) and it was contrary to Article 2 Paragraph 4 of the United Nations Charter on the use of military force in the territory of another state. The action of thr war-on-terror whose only purposed to eliminate any accused terrorist was not justified under Article 6 and Article 14 Convenan on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), while judging from the number of casualties and damages to civilian objects which were not military objectives had caused the assault as violations of the humanitarian law and war crimes as specified in Article 51 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, it was re-affirmed by a decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case of Nicaragua vs. United States that stated any reason related to the use of military force and resulted any loss against civilians or civilian objects was a violation of values and humanitarian principles. Keywords: Unmanned Aircraft, International Law, United States of America. Aggresion Pesawat tanpa awak (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle/UAV) memberikan manfaat yang besar dalam melakukan kegiatan sipil maupun militer. Namun, keunggulan dalam segi produksi, survivabilitas dan fleksibilitas menyebabkan pesawat tanpa awak lebih banyak digunakan dalam kegiatan-kegiatan militer dibandingkan dengan kegiatan-kegiatan sipil. Penggunaan pesawat tanpa awak dalam kegiatan militer pada prakteknya banyak dilakukan di wilayah negara lain yang kini justru menimbulkan masalah hukum yang baru, seperti penggunaan pesawat tanpa awak oleh Amerika Serikat di wilayah Afganistan, Yaman, Somalia, Iran dan Pakistan dengan alasan war on terror dan self deffence yang telah banyak menimbulkan korban sipil dan kerusakan luas terhadap objek yang dilindungi hukum internasional. permasalahan mengenai bagaimana legalitas penggunanaan pesawat tanpa awak dalam hukum internasional serta bagaimana pengaturan hukum internasional yang berlaku bagi serangan pesawat tanpa awak oleh Amerika Serikat di wilayah negara lain menjadi rumusan masalah yang diteliti. Metode penelitian yang digunakan bersifat normatif dengan prosedur pengumpulan data yang sumber utamanya adalah bahan hukum. Data yang diperoleh dan diolah dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari sumber kepustakaan. Studi kepustakaan dilakukan dengan cara mempelajari literatur, artikel serta bahan bacaan lainnya yang berkaitan dengan penelitian skripsi. Pesawat tanpa awak sebagai pesawat udara negara khususnya pesawat militer tunduk pada Pasal 3 Konvensi Chicago 1944, bahwa penggunaannya di luar wilayah negara membutuhkan otorisasi khusus dari negara kolong. Pesawat tanpa awak juga harus tunduk pada konvensi-konvensi mengenai sarana dan metode berperang, dimana setiap sarana dan metode berperang harus sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip Hukum Humaniter Internasional. Serangan yang dilakukan Amerika Serikat terhadap negara Afganistan, Yaman, Somalia, Irak dan Pakistan jelas merupakan pelanggaran hukum internasional. Menurut Konvensi Montevideo 1933 mengenai hak dan kewajiban negara berdaulat, tindakan tersebut merupakan pelangaran terhadap kedaulatan yurisdiksi negara lain, di sisi lain serangan Amerika Serikat dengan alasan self defence tidak memenuhi kriteria dan syarat yang ada dalam Pasal 51 Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) dan sangat bertentangan dengan Pasal 2 Ayat 4 Piagam PBB mengenai penggunaan kekuatan militer di dalam wilayah negara lain. Tindakan war on terror yang hanya bertujuan untuk membunuh terduga teroris sangat tidak dibenarkan menurut Pasal 6 dan Pasal 14 Convenan on Civil and Political Right (ICCPR), sedangkan dilihat dari banyaknya korban dan kerusakan objek sipil yang bukan sasaran militer telah mengakibatkan serangan tersebut sebagai pelanggaran hukum kemanusiaan dan merupakan kejahatan perang sebagaimana dicantumkan dalam Pasal 51 Protokol Tambahan I Konvensi Jenewa 1977, hal ini kembali ditegaskan dengan adanya putusan International Court of Justice (ICJ) dalam kasus Nicaragua vs Amerika Serikat yang menyatakan bahwa alasan apapun yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan kekuatan militer dan menimbulkan kerugian terhadap sipil atau objek sipil merupakan pelanggaran terhadap nilai dan prinsip-prinsip kemanusiaan. Kata Kunci : Pesawat Tanpa Awak, Hukum Internasional, Serangan Amerika Serikat
JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF DRONE (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE/UAV) AS A MILITARY EQUIPMENT BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE TERRITORY OF THE OTHER STATE ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGGUNAAN PESAWAT TANPA AWAK (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE/UAV) SEBAGAI ALAT MILITER OLEH AMERIKA SERIKAT DI WILAYAH NEGARA LAIN MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL (File PDF)
JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF DRONE (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE/UAV) AS A MILITARY EQUIPMENT BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE TERRITORY OF THE OTHER STATE ACCORDING TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW ANALISIS YURIDIS PENGGUNAAN PESAWAT TANPA AWAK (UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE/UAV) SEBAGAI ALAT MILITER OLEH AMERIKA SERIKAT DI WILAYAH NEGARA LAIN MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL (Other)
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