PERBANDINGAN KARAKTERISTIK, AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN, ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) TERHADAP Klebsiella pneumoniae dengan MASERASI dan ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION

Anugrah , Fasha (2026) PERBANDINGAN KARAKTERISTIK, AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN, ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK KULIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.) TERHADAP Klebsiella pneumoniae dengan MASERASI dan ULTRASOUND-ASSISTED EXTRACTION. FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN, UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG.

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Abstrak (Berisi Bastraknya saja, Judul dan Nama Tidak Boleh di Masukan)

Background Indonesia, as one of the major cocoa producers, generates approximately ±75% cocoa pod husk waste, which may cause environmental problems. Cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cacao L.) is rich in phytochemicals with potential antioxidant and antibacterial activities against Klebsiella pneumoniae, a Gram-negative ESBL-producing bacterium resistant to antibiotics. Differences in extraction methods may affect the chemical composition and biological activities of these compounds. Methods: Cocoa pod husk from Adiluwih District, Pringsewu Regency, was extracted using 96% ethanol by maceration (1:10 for 24 h) and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (1:10 at 50 °C for 30 min), each performed in triplicate. The extracts were characterized by GC-MS. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using the Folin– Ciocalteu and AlCl₃ methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay (IC₅₀), while antibacterial activity was assessed by the well diffusion method against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Results: Maceration produced 58 compounds, more than Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction with 26 compounds. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of maceration extracts were 13,20 mg GAE/g and 70,855 mg QE/g, higher than those of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (5,60 mg GAE/g and 54,116 mg QE/g). The IC₅₀ value of maceration was 476,681 µg/mL, lower than that of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction at 665,133 µg/mL. The maximum inhibition zone of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction was 1,55 ± 0,15 mm at 30% concentration, while maceration showed 0,75 ± 0,327 mm at 100%. Conclusion: Extraction methods influenced compound profiles and phenolic and flavonoid contents but did not show significant differences in antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Keywords: Antibacterial; antioxidant; cocoa pod husk; extraction methods; Klebsiella pneumoniae. Latar Belakang Indonesia sebagai salah satu produsen kakao utama di dunia menghasilkan limbah kulit kakao sekitar ±75% dari total buah yang berpotensi menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Kulit kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) diketahui kaya senyawa fitokimia yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan antibakteri terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae, bakteri Gram negatif penghasil ESBL (Extended-Spectrum BetaLactamase) yang resisten terhadap antibiotik. Perbedaan metode ekstraksi dapat memengaruhi kandungan dan aktivitas biologis senyawa tersebut. Metode: Kulit kakao dari Kecamatan Adiluwih, Kabupaten Pringsewu diekstraksi menggunakan etanol 96% melalui metode maserasi (perbandingan 1:10 selama 24 jam) dan Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (perbandingan 1:10 pada suhu 50 °C selama 30 menit). Ekstrak dikarakterisasi menggunakan GC-MS. Total fenolik dan flavonoid ditetapkan masing-masing dengan metode Folin–Ciocalteu dan AlCl₃. Aktivitas antioksidan diuji menggunakan metode DPPH (IC₅₀) dan aktivitas antibakteri diuji dengan metode difusi sumuran terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae. Hasil: Maserasi menghasilkan 58 senyawa, lebih banyak dibandingkan UltrasoundAssisted Extraction sebanyak 26 senyawa. Total fenolik dan flavonoid maserasi masingmasing sebesar 13,20 mg GAE/g dan 70,855 mg QE/g, lebih tinggi dibandingkan Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (5,60 mg GAE/g dan 54,116 mg QE/g). Nilai IC₅₀ maserasi sebesar 476,681 µg/mL lebih rendah daripada Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction 665,133 µg/mL. Diameter zona hambat maksimum Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction sebesar 1,55 ± 0,15 mm pada konsentrasi 30% dan maserasi 0,75 ± 0,327 mm pada konsentrasi 100%. Simpulan: Metode ekstraksi memengaruhi profil senyawa serta kadar fenolik dan flavonoid, tetapi tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan terhadap aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri. Kata Kunci: Antibakteri; antioksidan; Klebsiella pneumoniae; kulit kakao; metode ekstraksi

Jenis Karya Akhir:	Skripsi
Subyek:	600 Teknologi (ilmu terapan) > 610 Ilmu kedokteran, ilmu pengobatan dan ilmu kesehatan
Program Studi:	FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN (FK) > Prodi S1-Prodi Farmasi
Pengguna Deposit:	2507987878 Digilib
Date Deposited:	30 Jan 2026 08:06
Terakhir diubah:	30 Jan 2026 08:06
URI:	http://digilib.unila.ac.id/id/eprint/95254

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